Modern · 1910–1975 · Alipur Chattha, Gujranwala – London
Nazar Muhammad Rashid — always printed as N. M. Rashid — broke Urdu poetry's metrical frame with "Mavra" (1940), the first major collection of free verse in the language. A UN official by career, he wrote from Tehran, New York and London, bringing Persia's imagery and existential unease into the nazm. Younger modernists from the "halqa-e-arbab-e-zauq" onward write in his shadow.
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